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In the Humanitarian Innovation Fund Gap Analysis for water, sanitation, and hygiene issues, field staff identified environmental management of surface water as an area of concern, although this was not reflected at a head office level.

Solid  waste  and  faecal  sludge  management  in  situations  of  rapid  mass  displacement  are  important  to  public  health  and  providing  for  a  betterenvironment.Despite  this,  both  have  been  neglected  in  WASH  programmes,  which  tend  to  have  a  focus  on  water.  Howeverincre

Poor lighting at water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities may reduce the usage of latrines and other services such as bathing areas and water collection points; especially by women and children.

Camps are places of refuge for people fleeing conflict and disaster, but they can be dangerous, especially for women and girls.

The objective of this review is to identify sanitation failures that have contributed to the occurrence of diarrhoeal disease outbreaks among displaced populations living in camps.

This report is based on a desk-based review of secondary data, comprising published material as well as grey literature, supplemented with key informant interviews for programmes that lacked documentation.